TENSES

1.     PRESENT TENSE  (Waktu Sekarang)

Uses

1. For the facts that are not limited to specific time and for general trust

2. For repeat, habitual,  or usual action

3. For information from book, poem, research or other work

The  present tense takes the form :

 Subject + AF + (Verb I / Verb + s ) + Complement

Example :

1. Water boils at 100°Celsius.

                The sun rises in the east.

2. They play volley ball every Saturday morning

                Every day, students send summaries to the teacher.

3. In drama, Romeo and Juliet love each other despite their family differences.

               

Time signal in present tense :

§  Every day                            * Every week

§  Every Sunday                     * Every month

§  Every year                           * every time

Adverb of frequency:

§  Sometimes                         * Always

§  Seldom                                 * Often

§  Usually                                 * Generally

§  Never

Negative :

Subject + do not + AF + Verb I+Complement

                does not         without S

1. (+) He writes a letter every week

(-)  He does not write a letter every week

2. (+) I go to school by motorcycle.

(-) I do not go to school by motorcycle

3. Mother drinks coffee every morning

Mother does not drink coffee every morning.

Interrogative

Do/ Does + Subject + AF + Verb I without s + Complement

1.       Does he write a letter every week ?

2.       Do you sometimes swim in the sea ?

                Yes, I do                               No, I do not

3.   Does mother drink coffee every morning ?

                Yes, she does                    No, she does not

2. Present Continuous tense
(Bentuk Sedang     berlangsung)

Uses :

1.       For an action that is happening at this moment and that will have definite end.

2.       For a longer action that is happening now

3.       For an event in the near future.

The form of present tense is :

                Subject + is/am/are +(verb I + ing) + Complement

Negative tense :

                Subject + is/am/are + not + ( Verb I + ing) + complement

Interrogative tense :

                Is / am/ are + Subject + (verb I + ing) + Complement

Time signal are :

                * Now                                   * At present

                * At the moment            

                * Today

Example :

1.       Doctors are meeting in hospital to discuss treatment for swine flu.

2.       Kevin is working on four project this month.

3.       Twenty students are taking TOEFL next Wednesday.

3.Present Perfect Tense (Waktu Selesai Sekarang)

Uses      :

1.     For an action that started in the past and continues in the present.

2.     For an action that has just been completed.

3.     For an action that still has an effect on the present.

For an action that happened several times and may happen again

The present perfect tense take the form :          

Positive :

Subject + have/has + past particle + complement.

Negative              :

Subject + have/has + not +past participle + complement

Interrogative:

have/has + subject + past participle +complement.

Time Signal :

                * Lately                                                                * Recently

                *Already                                                              * For

                * Since                                                  * Never/ ever

Example:

1. They have lived in Denpasar since 1999.

    They Have not lived in Denpasar since 1999.

    Have they lived in Denpasar since 1999.

2. They have worked in office for five years.

4.     Present Perfect Continuous Tense (Waktu selesai sedang berlangsung sekarang)

Use :

1.       An action start in the past and is continuing in the present for a specific duration.

2.       An action started in the past and is continuing in the present for a non-specific duration.

The present perfect progressive tense is :

  (+) Subject + have/has + been + (verb I + ing) +               complement

(-) Subject + have/has + not +been + (verb         I+ing)+ complemet.

(?) Have/has + Subject + been + verb I+ing + complemet.

Example :

(+) The president has been discussing this problem for more than two years.

(-) The President has not been discussing this problem for more than two years

(?) Has the president been discussing this problem.

(+) Congress and the President have been discussing this problem.

(-) Congress and the President have not been discussing this problem.

(?) Have the congress and the President discussing this problem ?

5.     Simple Past Tense (Bentuk lampau)

Uses      :

1.       For an action or condition that was completed in the past.

2.       For a series of finished actions.

The simple past tense takes the form :

(+) Subject + Verb I I + complement

(-) Subject + did not + Verb 1 + Complement

(?) Did + subject + Verb 1+ Complement

The time signal :

                * Yesterday                        Last night/ week/month/year.

                * One hour ago                 Two years ago.

Example :

(+) I went to Jakarta last holiday

(-) I did not go to Jakarta last holiday.

(?) Did we go to Jakarta last holiday ?

2. (+) I Saw the film last night

                (-) I did not see the film last night

                (?) Did You see the film last night?

6.     Past Continuous Tense (Waktu berlangsung lampau)

Uses :

1.       An action in the past that was interrupted

2.       An action that was happen at a specific time

3.       For background or atmosphere information.

The form of Past continuous tense is :

(+)          Subject + Was/Were + (Verb I + ing) + Complement.

Example :

1.       When you called me, I was listening to the radio.

2.       We were eating dinner, when the phone rang.

3.       At 7 pm , we were eating dinner.

7.     Past Perfect Tense (Waktu selesai lampau) :

Uses :

1.       For a past action that ended before another past action began.

2.       For a past action that ended before a specific times in the past.

The past perfect tense takes the form :

(+) Subject + Had + Verb III + Complement.

(-) Subject + Had not + Verb III + Complement

(?) Had + Subject + Verb III + Complement

Example :

(+) Kayleen had taken French before she took Spanish.

(-) Kayleen had not taken French before she took Spanish.

(?) Have Kayleen taken French before she took Spanish.

8. Past Perfect Continuous Tense (Waktu sedang berlangsung selesai lampau)

Uses :

1.       For a continuing action that started in the past before another past action either began or interrupted the first action.

 The form is :

(+) Subject + Had + been + (Verb I + ing) + Complemet.

(-) Subject + had not + been + (verb I+ing) + Complement

(?) Had + Subject + been + (Verb I + ing) + Complement.

Example :

1.       I had been working there for almost five weeks, before I received my first check.

2.       When I finished my dinner, Raka had been playing chess.

9.     Simple Future Tense (Waktu akan datang)

Uses :

1.       For a future plan : be going to.

2.       For a voluntary action : will ( a request or response).

The form of simple future tense is :

(+) Subject +will/ Shall + Verb I + Complement                                                   or

                 Subject + is/am/are + going to + verb I + Complement

(-) Subject + Will/shall + Not + Verb I + complement.

(?) Will/ shall + Subject + Verb I + Complement.

The time signal :

•          Tomorrow : morning/afternoon

•          Tonight.

•          Next : week/Sunday/month/year

The Example :

(+) Mother will make  the birthday cake tomorrow morning.

(-) Mother will not make the birthday cake tomorrow morning

2. Use as requirement

                He will give you a good dictionary, if you go with me.

3. Use as request to someone to do something:

                Will you help me to get the book.

10. Future Continuous Tense (Waktu sedang berlangsung        akan datang)

Uses :

1.       For an interrupted action in the future.

2.       For future atmosphere.

The form is :

(+) Subject + will/shall + be+ (Verb I + ing) + Complement.

(-) Subject + will/shall  + Not + be + (Verb I+ing) + Complement.

(?) Will / shall + Subject + Be + (Verb I + ing) + Complement.

Example :

1.       I will be watching TV when you call me at eleven tonight.

2.       At this time next year, Ayu will be travelling in Australia.

3.       I will be working at nine o’clock tomorrow morning.

(-) I will not be working at nine o’clock tomorrow morning.

(?) Will I be working at nine o’clock tomorrow morning ?

11. Future Perfect Tense (Waktu selesai akan datang)

Uses :

1. For a future action that is completed before another future action

2. For a future action that is completed before a certain point of time in the future.

The form is :

(+) Subject + will/shall + have + verb III + complement.

(-) Subject + will/shall not + have + verb III + complement.

(?) Will/shall + subject + have + verb III + Complement

(?) Will + subject + have + verb III + complement.

Example :

1.       John will have done his work by the end of this week.

2.       By next week, I will have read this book

12. Future Perfect Continuous
( Waktu         sedang berlangsung selesai akan datang).

Using for a continuing action that will be finish at specific time in the future.

The form is :

(+)Subject + will/shall + Have + been +(VerbI+ing)           + Complement.

(-)Subject + will /shall not + Have + been +(VerbI+ing)   + Complement.

(+)Will /shall+ subject +have + been +(VerbI+ing)            + Complement

Example :

1. By the end of this year we shall have been studying German for three years.

2. By Christmast, I will have been working at this office for five years.

13. Past Future Tense (Waktu akan datang lampau) :

Uses :

                1. For an action that will be done in the past.

                2. For action that will be done if the requirement has done in     the past.

The form is :

(+) Subject + Should/Would + verb I + complement

(-)  Subject + Should/Would  not + verb I + complement

(?) Should/Would + subject + verb I + complement

Example :

1.       I should go to Bandung the following day.

2.       He would buy a car the previous day.

3.       He would come if you invited him.

14. Past Future Continuous tense  ( Waktu yang akan sedang terjadi pada waktu lampau).

Uses :

1. For an action that is continuing and will be finished in in the past

The form is :

(+) Subject + should / would + be + (Verb I +ing )+ Complement.

(-) Subject + should / would not + be + (Verb I +ing )+ Complement.

(?) should / would + subject + be + (Verb I +ing )+ Complement.

Example :

                I should taking examination at this time the following day.

15. Past Future Perfect Tense
( Waktu yang akan sudah selesai pada waktu lampau)

Uses :

                . For condition that is impossible happened because the requirement cannot be achieved.

The form is :

(+) Subject + Should/Would + have + verb III + Complement.

(-) Subject + should /would + not + have + verb  III + Complement.

(?) Should/ would + Subject + have + verb III + complement.

Example :

He would have graduated, if she has studied hard.

16. Past Future Perfect Continuous (Waktu yang akan sudah sedang berlangsung pada waktu lampau).

The form of Past Future Perfect Continuous is :

(+) Subject + Should/ would + have+ been + (Verb I+ ing) + complement.

(-) Subject + should/ would + not + have + been + ( verb I + ing) + complement.

(?) Should/Would + subject + have + been + verb I + ing) + complement.

Example :

1.       By the last Christmas I should have been working at the office for five years.

2.       By the end of this month last semester, Dewi would have been studying Medicine at Udayana University for four years. 

l  Ira (be) a student at Wira Medica and She (study) hard every day.

l  She (read) a medical  book now.

l  Arya (study) for his final assignment now and there (be) many books on his table.

l  He (be) a nurse in next two years